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AMSCO 5.10 Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age Notes
1 min read•june 18, 2024
Topic 5.10 Review
Unit 5 — Period 5: 1750 - 1900
📖 AMSCO p.351 - p.364
Key Timeline
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Continuity and Change due to Industrial Revolution Across the Globe
Europe
| Aspects of Life | Continuity | Change |
| Economic 💸 | Agriculture continued to play a significant role in Europe's economy, especially in rural areas. While industrialization led to a shift toward manufacturing and urbanization, many regions maintained their reliance on agriculture. | Shift from agrarian and cottage-based economies to industrial manufacturing. Europe witnessed the growth of large factories powered by steam engines, and later, electricity. This shift was particularly evident in sectors such as textiles, iron, and coal mining. Ex: Textile factories in England, like the cotton miles of Manchester, played a crucial role in the global textile industry. |
| Urbanization 🏙 | Many rural areas in Europe continued to maintain their traditional way of life. Agricultural practices, small villages, and agrarian communities persisted, particularly in regions less affected by industrialization/ Ex: In France, the majority of the population during the Industrial Revolution remained in rural areas, and the peasantry continued to be a significant part of French society. | Growth of industries led to urbanization as people migrated from rural areas to cities in search of work. This urban population explosion transformed the economic and social landscape. Ex: European cities, such as London and Birmingham, experienced rapid growth and became industrial centers |
| Transportation 🚂 | In many rural and less industrialized areas of Europe, traditional modes of transportation like horse-drawn carriages remained in use. People in these regions relied on horses and carriages for personal transportation, the movement of goods, and agricultural purposes. | Improvement in transportation, including the development of railways and steamships, revolutionized trade and economic connections across Europe. Ex: Construction of the first public railway, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in England, boosted industrial and commercial connectivity. |
| Social Structure 🫵🏻 | The broader social hierarchy and class structure in Europe largely remained intact. In many cases, the aristocracy, landowning nobility, and other traditional elites maintained their social status and continued to wield influence. Despite the rise of industrial capitalism, these established elites often retained their positions of authority, and their wealth derived from sources such as land ownership and hereditary privileges. | Industrialization led to economic disparities, with the emergence of a new industrial bourgeoisie class and a working class facing harsh labor conditions. The distribution of wealth became more uneven as industrialists and factory owners accumulated significant fortunes. |
| Trade & Colonialism 🤝🏻 | Some regions in Europe remained sovereign and did not become colonies. | European nations expanded colonial empires and global trade networks. Ex: the British Empire's dominance through exports and overseas resource exploitation. |
Asia
| Aspects of Life | Continuity | Change |
| Economic 💸 | Agriculture remained a dominant sector in many Asian societies, particularly in rural areas. Traditional farming practices continued. | Introduction of industrial manufacturing in some urban areas. Shift from agrarian to industrial economy in specific regions. Ex: textile mills in Bombay, India, and Osaka, Japan |
| Urbanization 🏙 | Traditional towns and villages continued to exist, preserving their cultural and social characteristics. Ex: Beijing and Kyoto | The growth of some urban centers with the establishment of factories, leading to the emergence of new industrial cities. Ex: Bombay and Kolkata in India, and Shanghai in China |
| Transportation 🚂 | Traditional methods of transportation remained in use in rural and less industrialized areas. Ex: bullock carts | Introduction of railways and steamships in some regions, revolutionizing trade and connectivity. Ex: the construction of the first railway in India. |
| Social Structure 🫵🏻 | In many areas, traditional hierarchies and social structures persisted. Ex: The caste system in India and the Confucian social structure in China | The emergence of a new industrial and commercial bourgeoisie. Economic disparities increased as industrialists and factory owners accumulated wealth. |
| Trade & Colonialism 🤝🏻 | Some Asian regions maintained their sovereignty and avoided direct colonization. Ex: Japan's Meiji Restoration efforts. | European colonial expansion into Asia, economic imperialism, and the exploitation of overseas resources. Ex: British colonial rule in India and the opium trade in China. |
| Region | Aspects of Life | Continuity | Change |
| AFRICA | Economic 💸 | Agriculture continued to be a primary source of livelihood for many Africans, particularly in rural areas. Traditional farming practices and subsistence agriculture remained prevalent. | The introduction of industrialization was limited in most of Africa, and many regions did not undergo a significant shift from agrarian to industrial economies. However, in a few regions, such as South Africa and Egypt, mining and manufacturing industries developed. |
| Urbanization 🏙 | Traditional urban centers retained their historical significance. Ex: Timbuktu in Mali. | Limited urbanization compared to Europe and Asia. Some African cities grew as trade hubs due to the export of raw materials, but urbanization patterns were not as pronounced | |
| Transportation 🚂 | Traditional modes of transportation continued to be used for local travel and trade. Ex: animal-drawn carts and canoes. | The construction of railways and ports in some regions, often for the purpose of exporting raw materials, transformed transportation and trade routes. Ex: construction of the Cape to Cairo Railway in southern Africa. | |
| Social Structure 🫵🏻 | In many African societies, traditional social hierarchies and kinship systems remained in place. | European colonial rule in parts of Africa led to changes in social structures and hierarchies as European powers imposed their own systems of governance. The influence of indigenous African rulers declined in some areas. | |
| Trade & Colonialism 🤝🏻 | While some African regions maintained their sovereignty, others experienced European colonization. | European colonialism and the partitioning of Africa had profound consequences. The exploitation of Africa's natural resources and labor force, the imposition of colonial boundaries, and the disruption of traditional trade routes had a significant impact. Ex: extraction of rubber in the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium and the impact of the "Scramble for Africa" by European powers. |
America
| Aspects of Life | Continuity | Change |
| Economic 💸 | Agriculture continued to be a primary source of livelihood for many Americans, particularly in rural areas. Traditional farming practices, subsistence farming, and small-scale agriculture remained prevalent. | The growth of industrial manufacturing in urban areas, with the emergence of textile mills, factories, and workshops. The expansion of wage labor and the development of a modern industrial economy. |
| Urbanization 🏙 | Some established cities maintained their historical significance and continued to grow. Ex: Boston and Philadelphia | Rapid urbanization as people migrated from rural areas to newly emerging industrial cities, due to the availability of factory jobs. Ex: Lowell, Massachusetts, and Chicago |
| Transportation 🚂 | Traditional modes of transportation continued to be used for local travel and trade. Ex: horse-drawn carriages and riverboats | The expansion of transportation infrastructure, including the construction of canals, the development of steam-powered locomotives, and the growth of a national railway network. |
| Social Structure 🫵🏻 | Existing social hierarchies and class divisions persisted, with a distinction between the urban elite and rural farmers. | The emergence of a new industrial working class and the development of a more complex social structure, with industrialists, factory owners, and a growing urban labor force. |
| Trade & Expansion 🤝🏻 | America continued to be an agricultural and raw material exporter, with regional trade networks. | The growth of a national market and the expansion of trade, both domestically and internationally, due to the production of manufactured goods and the development of a modern industrial economy. Ex: The impact of the American System and the growth of the textile industry in New England. |
Impact of Ideological Ideals on Revolutions
| Revolution | Ideology | Effect |
| American Revolution | - Strong influence of Enlightenment ideas, such as John Locke's concepts of natural rights and the social contract, and Montesquieu's theory of separation of powers. - "No taxation without representation" reflects Enlightenment ideals. | - Economic factors: Trade restrictions and taxation by the British crown played a significant role in sparking the revolution. - Social factors: Tensions between colonists and British authorities, and issues like the Stamp Act, also contributed |
| French Revolution | - Profound influence of Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu, who advocated for individual rights, liberty, and equality. - Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen reflected Enlightenment ideas | - Economic factors: France's financial crisis and high taxation exacerbated social inequalities. - Social factors: The Estates system, with its stark class divisions, was a major source of discontent. - Political factors: Weak monarchy and the financial mismanagement of Louis XVI created a power vacuum. |
| Haitian Revolution | - Influence of Enlightenment ideals spread among both free people of color and enslaved Africans. - The Declaration of the Rights of Man inspired enslaved Africans to demand freedom and equality. | - Economic factors: The harsh conditions of slavery and the economic interests of plantation owners contributed to the revolt. - Social factors: The brutal treatment of enslaved people and racial tensions fueled the desire for freedom. |
| Latin American Revolutions | - Influence of Enlightenment ideas, such as the desire for self-determination and equality, played a role in inspiring revolutionaries like Simón Bolívar. - The writings of independence leaders like Francisco de Miranda emphasized Enlightenment ideals. | - Economic factors: Economic exploitation by colonial powers, such as Spain and Portugal, motivated the desire for independence. - Social factors: The rigid caste system and social inequalities fueled social discontent. - Political factors: The weakening of colonial powers during the Napoleonic Wars created opportunities for revolution. |
| Revolution of 1848 | - Influence of liberal and nationalist ideas, rooted in Enlightenment principles, led to demands for constitutional rights and national self-determination. | - Economic factors: Economic hardships and food shortages contributed to social unrest. - Social factors: Urbanization and the growth of the working class created new sources of dissatisfaction. - Political factors: Opposition to autocratic monarchies and repressive governments played a role. |
| American Civil War | - The tension over the issue of slavery was influenced by Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality. - Abraham Lincoln's emphasis on preserving the Union and the Declaration of Independence highlighted these ideals. | - Economic factors: The economic interests of the Southern plantation system and its reliance on slavery were key factors. - Social factors: Deep-seated racial tensions and divisions fueled the conflict. - Political factors: Debate over states' rights and secession contributed to the war |
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