4.2 Developing introductions and conclusions

This guide will go over how to create introductions and conclusions for each of the FRQs on the AP English Language exam. 

Importance of Intros and Conclusions

Introductions and conclusions are critical components of a well-written essay for the College Board AP Language and Composition Exam. These two sections of an essay serve to frame the argument and provide structure for the rest of the essay. The introduction is where the writer presents the topic and provides a thesis statement that establishes the focus of the essay. A strong introduction should grab the reader's attention, provide background information, and establish the writer's credibility. In the body of the essay, the writer will develop their argument, using evidence and analysis to support their thesis. The conclusion, on the other hand, is where the writer summarizes the main points of the essay and provides a final thought on the topic. A strong conclusion should leave the reader with a sense of closure and should reiterate the thesis in a new way. Introductions and conclusions are essential for ensuring that the essay is well-structured and that the argument is clear and easy to follow. 

Synthesis

Introduction

1. Begin with an attention-grabbing statement: The introduction should capture the reader's attention and create interest in the topic. An attention-grabbing statement could be a surprising fact or statistic, a provocative question, or a relevant quote.
2. Provide background information: After grabbing the reader's attention, the student should provide some context and background information on the topic. This information should help the reader understand the topic and its significance.
3. Introduce the prompt and claim: The student should introduce the prompt and the claim provided in the prompt. This will help the reader understand the focus of the essay and what the student is expected to do.
4. State the thesis: The student should state their thesis, which is their position on the topic and the main argument of the essay. The thesis should be clear, concise, and specific.
5. Provide an overview of the essay: Finally, the student should provide an overview of the essay, outlining the main points that will be covered in the body paragraphs

Conclusion

1. Restate the thesis: The conclusion should begin by restating the thesis statement in a new way. This reminds the reader of the main argument of the essay.
2. Summarize the main points: The student should summarize the main points of the essay. This should be done in a concise and clear manner, highlighting the key ideas that support the thesis.
3. Provide a final thought: The conclusion should end with a final thought on the topic. This could be a call to action, a prediction, a recommendation, or a reflection. It should leave the reader with something to think about.
4. End with a closing statement: The conclusion should end with a strong closing statement that brings the essay to a satisfying end. This could be a memorable quote or a statement that emphasizes the main point of the essay.

Rhetorical Analysis

Introduction

Use the following template and replaced the bolded words with whatever is relevant to the text that you are provided.

In title of work, author/speaker’s name writes of subject. Author/speaker’s name writes of this during context/occasion because of exigence in order to purpose/message. Author/speaker’s name uses devices you will discuss to express purpose/message to audience.  

Conclusion

1. Consider the impact of the author's message: In the conclusion, reflect on the impact of the author's message and how effectively it was conveyed to the audience through the use of rhetorical devices.
2. Evaluate the effectiveness of the rhetoric: Evaluate the effectiveness of the rhetorical devices used by the author to persuade the audience. Discuss the ways in which the author's use of language, tone, and structure enhanced the message.
3. End with a thought-provoking statement: End the essay with a thought-provoking statement that ties together the main points of the essay and leaves the reader with something to consider. This could be a question, a call to action, or a prediction.
4. Discuss the relevance of the message: Explain why the author's message is still relevant today and how it can inform our understanding of current issues.

Argument

Introduction

1. State your thesis: Your thesis statement should clearly state your position on the issue and provide a roadmap for the rest of your essay. Make sure it is clear, concise, and debatable.
2. Provide background information: Provide some context for your argument by introducing the topic and explaining its significance. This could involve discussing the history of the issue or outlining the current debate.
3. Preview your arguments: Preview the main arguments you will make in support of your thesis. This helps to guide the reader through the essay and prepares them for the evidence you will present.

Conclusion 

1. Restate your thesis: Begin your conclusion by restating your thesis statement. This reminds the reader of the main argument and helps to tie the essay together.
2. Summarize your main points: Provide a brief summary of the main points you made in the body of the essay. This helps to reinforce your argument and remind the reader of the evidence you presented.
3. Provide a final thought: End the essay with a final thought that leaves the reader with something to consider. This could be a call to action, a suggestion for further research, or a prediction for the future.