8.8 World War II

Causes of WWII

Tensions were mounting from the moment of the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 to the invasion of Poland. Extreme economic conditions left many Europeans desperate for change, no matter what that change looked like. 

The Weimer Republic

Beyond the economic stress of the Treaty of Versailles 1919, one of the stipulations required that Germany, formerly a monarchy, become a democracy. This first weak run of German democracy was the Weimar Republic. The Weimar Republic consisted of ineffectual government strategies and failure to thrive under pressure from the Allied Powers who enforced the Treaty of Versailles and the authoritarian politicians whose silver tongues promised bright futures for the German Republic. 

It wasn't entirely the fault of its leaders that the Weimar Republic failed; there was virtually no support from the German people for the democratic government as it stood. The German people were already disheartened by the perceived betrayal of Kaiser Wilhelm II when he surrendered to the Allied Powers on November 11, 1919 (now known as armistice day). When authoritarian leaders began promising changes -- to break from economic stress, grow the economy, boost morale, and create a great nation -- they were all voted into office. 

Violations of the Treaty of Versailles

Adolf Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles with his land claims in Austria and Czechoslovakia and . remilitarization of the Rhineland. However, these egregious violations were overlooked by Britain and France due to fears of starting another global war. 

Ultimately, the immediate cause of WWII was the German and Soviet invasion of Poland. Poland had been defined and protected by the Treaty of Versailles. Yet there was no real force behind the League of Nations, meaning Hitler and Stalin were not intimidated.

The European Theatre

Germany was the first to invade Poland. Only 16 days later, the Soviet Union joined them. Both were upset with the lands they had lost in the Treaty of Versailles with the creation of Poland, so they sought to reclaim that land. 

Great Britain and France declared war on Germany but not the Soviet Union. Both knew that they would eventually need the Soviet Union to defeat Germany. To justify this, Great Britain painted the German invasion of Poland as a break in the Treaty of Versailles, violence toward Polish people, and a serious territorial concern. 

Military Methods

Fighting styles and weaponry were similar to WWI, with the exception of some upgrades and developments: 

• Modes of transportation such as vehicles, new ships, aircraft
• Communication technology
• Guided missiles and ballistic missiles
• New medicines and surgical techniques
• Atomic weapons
• German Blitzkrieg -- all-out warfare known as "lightning" warfare

WWII saw German expansion deeper into allied territory than in WWI. Hitler was able to assert his control across northern Europe, with the exception of the United Kingdom and Sweden. His allies controlled nearly all of southern Europe with the exception of Switzerland, Portugal, and Spain. However, Hitler and Mussolini had both received aid from Francisco Franco in Spain and used his land as training grounds for their soldiers.

Allied invasions of Italy began in 1943. After taking the island of Sicily, US and Allied forces used it as a base to mount a successful attack on Rome. Mussolini was forced to resign from his dictatorial rule of Italy and imprisoned. Secret negotiations began with the provisional government to work on removing German troops from Italy.

The major turning point of the European Theatre was the D-Day invasion on June 6, 1944. The United States organized a mass naval invasion of Normandy, France (just north of Paris), stormed the German beachhead there, and used this invasion as a means of marching on Paris. The Allied forces retook Paris and the country of France, then began pushing into Belgium. 

In April of 1945, Hitler committed suicide, and the Allies began liberating the remainder of German-occupied areas and concentration camps. 

Map of the European theater. Photo courtesy of Jewish Virtual Library.

In the east, Germany moved into Soviet territory. The Soviets struggled with their new Five Year Plans, failing to produce enough food, ammunition, or weaponry for their population. However, they were prepared when the Germans marched toward Stalingrad. Over a million Soviet soldiers held off the Germans, and as the Germans ran out of food and supplies, they were forced to surrender. This was the turning point of the Eastern Front. 

Middle Eastern / African Theatre

Italy had plans to rebuild the former Roman Empire under fascist rule. Germans sent troops to aid the Italian invasions of Greece and Yugoslavia. From there, they moved to North Africa. The Germans planned to take North Africa, move through the Middle East, and attack the Soviet Union from the south. However, they were met with Allied forces, and over the course of three years, Allied powers eventually prevailed. 

By 1944, the Germans were engaged in battles with the French, the British, North Africa, the Soviet Union, and US Forces in all of the above locations. Fighting a multi-front war eventually began to weigh on the German military and supply line. With their forces split for the majority of the war, they were unable to fully focus on any front and began losing ground. After the Allied invasion of Italy, North Africa and the Middle East were lost to the Axis powers. 

Pacific Theatre

The Meiji Restoration of 1868 in Japan ended a period of isolation after the Tokugawa Shogunate was overthrown. This new regime sought to introduce Japan to the changes of the developed world, but to do so, they needed resources. The only way to obtain them, being from a mountainous archipelago, was to expand their territory.

Japan had successful invasions of Manchuria, China, and the Korean peninsula against the Russians. Through this, they obtained the use of key ports and essential resources such as coal, petroleum, iron, and more. They could have traded but wanted a monopoly, so they used war to achieve control. 

The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 prompted a response from the US and the League of Nations. Japan removed itself as a member of the League of Nations and violated the Open Door Policy, a free trade policy between the US and China. They also committed mass atrocities, such as the Nanjing Massacre in 1937. The US placed harsh economic sanctions on Japan, which only made them want to stand stronger and push further into China. After failed negotiations, war seemed inevitable to the Japanese, and they bombed the US Pacific naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. 

This set off a series of military engagements between the US and Japan. The attack at Pearl Harbor was successful, but not as successful as it could have been due to training exercises that kept many ships at sea. The most immediate attack by the United States was a firebombing of Tokyo in April of 1942, but the most significant was the Battle of Midway later that year. US forces began a series of Island Hopping to keep Japan from its expansionist goals. 

This theatre ended with the US attempting to force surrender from Japan through a threat of invasion. However, this tactic did not work. On August 6th and 9th, 1945, President Truman made decisions to drop atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrendered in the days after.